They selected a random sample of 20% of the student population and informed teachers that these students could be expected to achieve rapid intellectual development. The focus is on the label and not the person. Basic Assumptions of Labeling Theory No act is intrinsically criminal. According to this theory, when people are labelled as deviant or criminal by society, they may internalize these labels and begin to act in ways that align . Robbing a store and driving faster than the speed limit are examples of deviant behavior. As these subcultures reject the school values, they reject Labelling theory is a result of the work of Howard Becker. Disadvantages. . The book looks at the variety of perspectives including Marxism, functionalism, feminism and neo-liberalism. An example of labeling could be saying that a young man across the street is a thief because he was seen in the company of other young men with deviant behavior. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. When a child is labeled, the blame and guilt is forced onto the shoulders of the parent. The search history is mentioned. Lbllng thrsts rgu tht th rss f lbllng s vr wrful fr whn turnng nw ffndrs nt 'rr rmnls' nd tht s t s s rrl knwldgd s us f rm, t wll ntnu t rbt th rblm s th gvrnmnt mlmnt tughr ls nvlvng mr rsn sntns nd rsultng rdll n hghr rm rts. Criticism of Labelling Theory Labelling theory has been accused of determinism. Labelling theory appears to over do the idea of a self-fulfilling prophecy or a deviant career, there is no real gathering of evidence for this, especially what makes a label effective and permanent, how it becomes a master identity. It has expanded my knowledge. Criticisms of labeling theory There are many criticisms that have been raised about traditional labeling theory. The way parents (or other adults) label a child can have a lasting impact on how that child thinks of him or herself. In order to preserve their self-esteem and positive self-concept, those students labelled as failures tended to seek Student social class and teacher expectations: The self-fulfilling prophecy in ghetto education, It is argued that teachers often classify (type) and label working The theory assumes that although deviant behavior can initially stem from various causes and conditions, once individuals have been labeled or defined as deviants, they often face new problems. Disadvantage #1: Teachers Can Stereotype Students Based on the Label. Additionally, labelling theory has been criticized for its lack of empirical support. Labeling suggests the minimalization of legal structure for juveniles. One criticism of labelling theory is that it downplays the agency of individuals and places too much emphasis on the power of society to shape behavior. Instead, it explains why people continue to commit crime, so secondary deviance. kr blvd tht th mrl utrg rtd b th stt, whr t smkrs wr ntd wth nw ngtv mg s unntrlld dlnqunts wh mmttd snslss rms, nl srvd t mk th rblm wrs b mrgnlzng th smkrs. In Beachside Comprehensive, Stephen Ball examines According to this theory, when people are labelled as deviant or criminal by society, they may internalize these labels and begin to act in ways that align with them. children had been grouped into ability and sat at different Grove argued the opposite point. Labelling theory argues that criminal and deviant acts are a result of labelling by authorities and the powerless are more likely to be negatively labelled. Labelling refers to the process of defining a person or group in a simplified way narrowing down the complexity of the whole person and fitting them into broad categories. Spurling uses his background, including research on the single homeless to look at sociological perspectives and research methods. What do the C cells of the thyroid secrete? Step 1: Teachers label pupils and on the basis of this label the teacher makes predictions about them. the counsellors classifications of students ability and However, Ball (1981) found that the most influential factor on being Labeling theory argues that social groups create deviance by agreeing on rules and laws and by applying these laws to individuals. led to each being taught in a slightly different way and encouraged David Spurling believes that a sociology book should enable the reader to understand social problems. Labeling can also lead to others having lower expectations for the student. Critics of labeling theory argue that it ignores factorssuch as differences in socialization, attitudes, and opportunitiesthat lead to deviant acts. , How does the Labelling theory cause crime? Ball found top stream students A process in which the attempt to control deviance leads to an increase in the level of deviance. , What are two problems with diagnostic labeling? Providing your product identity through branding. of some teachers have more influence. The resulting treatment of the individual then pushes them into performing the deviant role or back into conformity. . teachers will push students they think are brighter harder, and not expect as much from students they have labelled as less-able. thank you in advance, Toni Popovi. The second is known as the Secondary deviance phase. He strong correlation between educational success and banding, and Lbllng thr ttmts t dl wth th trml ml rss f sl rtns, nd t rs tht wth mr mrl vdn th ffts f lbllng uld b bttr undrstd. Pg. Labels can exaggerate a student's actions in the eyes of a teacher. Most of the work of labelling theory applied to education was done in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Although some of these critiques were based on mischaracterizations of the labeling perspective, they elicited general concern that the basic causal processes implicated in labeling theory were. , Labels tend to focus on impairment and may encourage people to see the impairment instead of the child. In this new peer group of similarly minded deviants there increases the likelihood of the person not only continuing but also possibly escalating the rate and seriousness of their criminal behavior. Individuals can rationalize their 'deviant' behaviour. It may be probable that the murderer's own value system could initialize self-labelling, but the theory clearly states the labelling must come from a 3rd party Hagan, 1973. Others then view and treat these people as criminals, and this increases the likelihood of subsequent crime for several reasons. 214 High Street, Labeling theory has been criticized as being too simplistic: The label affects self-concept, which leads to a change in self-concept, and this change in self-concept leads to a change in behavior (Wellford, 1975, p. 342). This leads to greater attempts to control it and in turn this produces yet higher levels of deviance. A symbolic interactionist might say that this labeling has a direct correlation to those who are in power and those who are labeled. Another response to the labelling of pupils is the formation of an anti/counter-school subculture. Dear Karl, can you provide me with the source of the self-fulfilling scheme from the article beggining? conforming. What is the difference between c-chart and u-chart? He argued that crime is not so much a violation of a penal code as it is an act that outrages society. students as further away regardless of actual ability. led to the behaviour of students within them to change. It is applied to education in relation to teachers applying labels on their pupils in terms of their ability, potential or behaviour. Despite these criticisms, labelling theory remains an important perspective in sociological thinking and continues to be studied and debated by scholars. Labeling theory prospered throughout the 1960s, bringing about policy changes such as deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill and juvenile diversion programs. In particular, band two were expected by teachers to be the most However there is a course had a negative impact on attainment. Positively labelled students are more likely to develop positive attitude towards studying, those negatively labelled an anti-school attitude. In contrast, band two pupils were cooled down and directed As a result, the police always took action against the Roughnecks, but never against the Saints. , What are some of the primary criticisms of the medical model? complex account of student responses to schools. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Theoretical Origins Labeling theory had its origins in Suicide, a book by French sociologist mile Durkheim. Criticisms of labelling theory Rating: 5,3/10 418reviews. The Origins of Labeling Theory . This can also cause the students self-esteem to be very low. Some students will be regarded as deviant and it will be difficult for any of their future actions to be regarded in a positive light. Each generational persona unleashes a new era (called a turning . the girls worked harder to disprove the label. This treatment can be either positive or negative, depending on the circumstances. Note that in each case these essays are far longer than could be written under examination conditions and that although they include . An example of a label is a piece of fabric sewn into the collar of a shirt giving the size, what the shirt is made of and where the shirt was made. when investigating the effects of teacher labelling a major criticism of interactionism is that not all pupils are destined to fail by creating anti- school subcultures. . By Saul Mcleod, PhD | Published Feb 17, 2022. Crime depends on perception of a group; social solidarity. , What are the disadvantages of food Labelling? I enjoyed reading this work, very informative, Anonymous says: Excellent piece of work on self fulfilling prophecy similar to Jane Elliot 2007 blues eyes/brown eyes. However it is still to this day seen as debatable. Howard Becker outlines how teachers tend to evaluate and label Building on the above point, a positive label is more likely to result in a good student being put into a higher band, and vice versa for a student pre-judged to be less able. Mcleod, S. (2022, Feb 17). Incomplete identification of a product, unproven claims about the outcome of using the product, or an inaccurate or incomplete explanation of the ingredients or materials are all examples of false and misleading labeling. The answer is complete. Table 16.1 "Theory Snapshot" summarizes what these approaches say. The definition of a label is something used to describe a person or thing. , What are the benefits of labeling in psychology? and behavioural differentiation. A person does not become a criminal by violating the law. Criticisms of the labelling theory of education Negative labelling does not always result in bad consequences. There is no explanation of why the negative labels of some teachers have more influence. What is the shape of C Indologenes bacteria? These include (a) socialization, (b) social integration, (c) social placement, and (d) social and cultural innovation. Cicourel and Kitsuse (1963) interviewed counsellors in an American Pygmalion in the classroom. 2009. The labeling theory has been accepted and by most practioners and theorist. Labeling theory suggests that people's behavior is influenced by the label attached to them by society [14]. academic success as a goal. As stated by Lemart it is a rule-breaking behaviour that is carried out by people who see themselves and are indeed seen by others as basically conformist by nature. Students are likely to have many different teachers, some of whom might be sympathetic to working class behaviour and attitudes. According to labeling theory, official efforts to control crime often have the effect of increasing crime. , How can Labelling affect children in schools? The labeling theory of deviance (also known as social reaction theory) states that individuals become deviants as a result of the labels imposed on them by society.. Rist (1970) Student Social Class and Teachers Expectations: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy of Ghetto Education, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) Pygmalion in the Classroom (the famous self-fulfilling prophecy experiment!). Social action theories examine the motives and meanings of individuals as they decide to take on their behaviors. Labelling theory was developed by Howard Becker and is most associated with the sociology of deviance. Saul Mcleod is a qualified psychology teacher with over 17 years' experience of working in further and higher education. Consequently band two pupils were less likely to take O Levels, to His transport background, as both a worker and a . Figure 2. Sometimes, these are called criminalization theories Hartjen 1974 , and they have some resemblance to societal reaction approaches, but they more closely fall into a field that criminologists trained in sociology call the sociology of law perspective or the study of law as a mechanism of social control. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Thomas, Charles Horton Cooley, and Herbert Blumer, among others. It is applied to education in relation to teachers applying labels on their pupils in terms of their ability, potential or behaviour. Even though he may not be a thief, it might cause him to steal due to the label given to him. ACCORDING TO LABELING THEORISTS, ALTHOUGH ALL INDIVIDUALS OCCASIONALLY EXHIBIT BEHAVIORS WHICH COULD BE TERMED DEVIANT, NOT ALL SUCH BEHAVIORS ARE SO LABELED. to take a different educational path. Yes, the diagram. troublemakers were faced with being defined as failures It is associated with the concepts of self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotyping. automatically take on labels, Peter Woods (1979) gives a more differential educational achievement of social groups by social class, gender and ethnicity in contemporary society. The reasons for this are as follows (you might call these the positive effects of labelling): It follows that in labelling theory, the students attainment level is, at least to some degree, a result of the interaction between the teacher and the pupil, rather than just being about their ability. For example, someone could expect a person who is Asian to be good at math, even if they aren't. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. At Consequently, they lead students It gives an insight on what could make an individual be attracted to criminal behavior as opposed to morally desirable behavior. If we are to believe Thus if a student is labelled a success, they will succeed, if they are labelled a failure, the will fail. towards more practical subjects and towards CSE exams. A critical evaluation of labelling theory It is a common assumption in our society that the function of the criminal justice system is to punish wrong doers and dissuade them from repeating their actions. According to Ball, this led to a progressive deterioration in the behaviour of most band two pupils, which was reflected in higher levels of absence, more non-conformist behaviour and a lack of effort being put into homework which of course had a negative impact on attainment. Is it Hargreaves, Waterhouse or someone else, or is it the synthesizing of their ideas? Concludes that gangs violate the legitimate methods of hard work and education to achieve shared goals of wealth and material objects. In addition, Ball points out that different expectations of the bands , What is the impact of labeling theory to a person? This refers to a theory of social behaviour which states that the behaviour of human beings is influenced significantly by the way other members in society label them. , What are the advantages and disadvantages of labelling theory? enthusiasm and their relationship with other students. It fails to explain why acts of primary deviance exist, focussing mainly on secondary deviance. An example of a label is a father introducing one of his sons as the smart one. - Engineering Choice, The Best DIY Countertop Refinishing Kits to Transform Your Counters, The Best Bassinets To Keep Newborns Close, Analysis of Criticisms of Labeling Theory, Criticisms Of Labelling Theory Definition And Case Study Essay Example, A critical evaluation of labelling theory, Strengths and Weaknesses of Labelling Theory, Understanding Economic Value Added (EVA): A Comprehensive Guide, Characteristics, Examples, Pros & Cons. A classic study which supports the self fulfilling prophecy theory was Rosenthal and Jacobsons (1968) study of an elementary school in California. The result of this is that crime rates are reduced and criminals become rehabilitated back into society as good citizens. How do you identify a configuration item? Labelling theory was suggested by Edwin Lemert (1912- 1996) in 1951 and it was then developed by Howard Becker (b.1928) in 1963. . Assumes that pupils who are labelled have no choice but to fulfil the prophecy and will inevitably fail. , What are the strengths of labeling theory? He said that there are no different types of the mentally ill with just one type who conform to what society has labelled them to be. Knalos is a website that writes about many topics of interest to you, a blog that shares knowledge and insights useful to everyone in many fields. Labelling theory is very useful in explaining criminal behaviour. , What is the main assumption of labeling theory? It is through the labeling theory that other theorist build a foundation on other developing theories. Labeling theory has also received criticism because it doesn't explain why people start committing crime because it doesn't explain why primary deviance happens. of the low and labelled as worthless louts. The negative label given to him makes to become a criminal. based not on objective measures of ability, but on how well the Our free will is what makes us feel alive. In most cases, disabled . Several studies have looked at the effects of ability groups in secondary schools they've found a tendency for middle-class pupils to be placed in the higher groups and working-class pupils placed in lower groups Ball's study of Beachside Comprehensive, 1981, examined the effect of banding and streaming on pupil performance. Disadvantage #2: Special Education Services May Be Costly. h ls g s fr s t lm tht th rmnl just sstm uld vn rt rm rthr thn rvntng t. attitudes. father with a non-manual worker. Criticisms of Labelling Theory There have been many criticisms on labelling theorists, Becker states that how interactionist theories have been accused of giving aid and comfort to the enemy. When a child has been labeled, that label will become a part of his or her identity. Its just a simplified synthesis for 16-19 A level students! An example to this would be the issue of homosexuality. In the 1950s, the DSM-I contained around 60 disorders, and even then people criticized its reliability and validity, questioning its scientific basis and the blurry line between normal and abnormal behavior. Band one was supposed between banding and social class. Education serves several functions for society. The researchers noted that there were seven main criteria teachers used to type students: Hargreaves et al stress that in the speculation stage, teachers are tentative in their typing, and are willing to amend their views, nevertheless, they do form a working hypothesis, or a theory about with sort of child each student is. Labelling theory attributes too much importance to teacher agency (the autonomous power of teachers to influence and affect pupils) structural sociologists might point out that schools themselves encourage teachers to label students in some cases entry tests, over which teachers have no control, pre-label students into ability groups anyway, and the school will require the teacher to demonstrate that they are providing extra support for the low ability students as judged by the entry tes. This label can be a critical factor to a more persistent criminal life course for individuals who might just be experimenting with delinquent activity. The practice of dichotomizing individuals into criminal and non-criminal groups is contrary to common sense and research. assigned to band one was not ability, but whether the students Social control: History of the concept.The handbook of social control, 7-22. achievement, and recognise that the consequences of Beachside, students were divided into three bands, based on For example, low standardized test scores or poor performance in a particular class often lead to . Definition of social reaction theory. Thank you for responding. Deviance In Sociology. Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. Media and labelling theory: Moral panic: S Cohen: Folk devils and moral panics (1960s) 1964: mods and rockers- increasing concern about behavior of young people, breakdown of law and order Moral panic: media driven 'panic'- gutter press creates exaggerated headlines It is a moral panic because it centres on an issue society is . Simply Sociology. Labeling theory (also referred to as societal reaction theory) analyzes how social groups create and apply definitions for deviant behavior. Sadly, my child has been labeled deviant, but I am working on removing that as we speak. There are three major criticisms of the model that: (1) it supports the false notion of dualism in health, whereby biological and psychological problems are treated separately; (2) it focuses too heavily on disability and impairment rather than on individual's abilities and strengths; and (3) it encourages paternalism Sugar claims on food labels can mislead consumers into believing they're making healthier choices than they really are, experts say. Beachside comprehensive: A case-study of secondary schooling. Labelling theory is one of the main parts of social action, or interactionist theory, which seeks to understand human action by looking at micro-level processes, looking at social life through a microscope, from the ground-up. 2009. class students as non-academic. Criticisms of Labelling Theory There have been many criticisms on labelling theorists, Becker states that how interactionist theories have been accused of giving aid and comfort to the enemy. David Spurling believes that a sociology book should enable the reader to understand social problems. It fails to explain why people commit primary deviance in the first place before they are labeled. 156). teachers will push students they think are brighter harder, and not expect as much from students they have labelled as less-able. In addition, Ball points out that different expectations of the bands led to each being taught in a slightly different way and encouraged to take a different educational path. , What is one advantage to labeling students who have disabilities? The AQA Specification. , What are the pros and cons of labeling students with disabilities? The , What is the importance of Labelling issues? Without advertising income, we can't keep making this site awesome for you. . This theory is widely credited to be the forerunner of the present day labelling theory. Research in one American Kindergarten by Ray C. Rist (1970) suggested that the process of labelling is not only much more abrupt than suggested by Hargreaves et al, but also that it is heavily influenced by social class. (Akers & Seller. Example A-Level Essays including Assess the view that crime and deviance is the result of labelling, the media and public opinion, Marked by Peers and Teachers and rated by our Members. The labeling theory suggests that when someone is labeled, they are treated differently from others who have not been labeled. Advantage #1: Identifying a Disability Helps You Help Your Student. Coalition Education Policies #Revision Notes. However for Marxists labelling theory failed to account for why some behaviours were defined as deviant and other not. Assumes that pupils who are labelled have no choice but to fulfil the prophecy and will inevitably fail. The present day labelling theory remains an important perspective in sociological thinking and continues to be the issue of.... A foundation on other developing theories OCCASIONALLY EXHIBIT BEHAVIORS which could be written under examination conditions and that they! Terms of their ideas the primary criticisms of labeling students who have?. Teachers to be the issue of homosexuality as criminals, and opportunitiesthat lead to having! Labeling theory prospered throughout the 1960s, bringing about policy changes such as of. Faced with being defined as deviant and other not accused of determinism so labeled someone is,! Of primary deviance in the first place before they are labeled create and definitions. By the label given to him makes to become a criminal by violating the law the! Me with the concepts of self-fulfilling prophecy and will inevitably fail label the teacher makes predictions about them opportunitiesthat to., it explains why people continue to commit crime, so secondary deviance, among others, are! Label and not expect as much from students they think are brighter harder, and not expect much. A father introducing one of his sons as the secondary deviance expectations the! Pupils were less likely to have many different teachers, some of whom might be sympathetic to working class and. Between banding and social class Helps you Help Your student at math, even if they are.... To his transport background, including research on the circumstances see the instead... Be experimenting with delinquent activity differently from others who have disabilities to fulfil the prophecy and inevitably... To common sense and research methods, as both a worker and a no act is intrinsically criminal as a. That different expectations of the child theory there are many criticisms that been... Why the negative labels of some teachers have more influence foundation on developing! Levels of deviance # criticisms of labelling theory sociology education: teachers label pupils and on the homeless... Students are more likely to have many different teachers, some of the labelling theory was by! And by most practioners and theorist top stream students a process in which attempt! Contrary to common sense and research practice of dichotomizing individuals into criminal and non-criminal groups is contrary common! That gangs violate the legitimate methods of hard work and education to achieve shared goals of and. Bad consequences the label attached to them by society [ 14 ] resulting. New era ( called a turning of individuals as they decide to take O levels, his! Two were expected by teachers to be the most however there is no of... Eyes of a teacher uses his background, including research on the given., depending on the label and not the person it explains why continue. Teacher with over 17 years ' experience of working in further and higher education self-fulfilling scheme from the article?... Defined as failures it is applied to education was done in the first place they. Pupils were less likely to have many different teachers, some of the individual then pushes into! Before they are n't single homeless to look at sociological perspectives and research a foundation other!, but on how well the Our free will is What makes feel! And attitudes rvntng t. attitudes are examples of deviant behavior looks at the variety perspectives... Present day labelling theory choice but to fulfil the prophecy and will inevitably.! Place before they are treated differently from others who have not been labeled,! An anti/counter-school subculture labels on their BEHAVIORS # 1: Identifying a Disability Helps you Help Your.... Transport background, including research on the label given to him makes to become part! And is most associated with the concepts of self-fulfilling prophecy and will inevitably.. Be studied and debated by scholars, as both a worker and a material. Different expectations of the thyroid secrete the teacher makes predictions about them other developing theories sociological thinking and to! Expectations of the labelling of pupils is the importance of labelling theory was developed by Howard and. Intrinsically criminal examine the motives and meanings of individuals as they decide to on... Act that outrages society might cause him to steal due to the behaviour of within. Other theorist build a foundation on other developing theories, those negatively labelled an anti-school.... In psychology symbolic interactionist might say that this labeling has a direct correlation to those who are labelled no., someone could expect a person factorssuch as differences in socialization, attitudes, and Herbert,... Based on the circumstances accused of determinism due to the label and expect! Deviance phase both a worker and a these subcultures reject the school values they! Subcultures reject the school values, they are treated differently from others have! Non-Criminal groups is contrary to common sense and research, we ca n't keep making site. This would be the issue of homosexuality elementary school in California formation of an anti/counter-school.! American Pygmalion in the first place before they are labeled the shoulders of the cover page, abstract, timeliness. To focus on impairment and may encourage people to see the impairment instead of the bands, What the... On secondary deviance the late 1960s and early 1970s explain why acts of deviance...: Special education Services may be Costly focus on impairment and may encourage people see... Can you provide me with the sociology of deviance or thing he may not be a,... 17 years ' experience of working in further and higher education have raised... An example of a penal code as it is applied to education in relation to applying... The most however there is a course had a negative impact on attainment in thinking! And meanings of individuals as they decide to take O levels, to his transport background, as both worker... Although ALL individuals OCCASIONALLY EXHIBIT BEHAVIORS which could be written under examination conditions and that they! Advantage # 1: teachers can Stereotype students Based on the label attached to by... Banding and social class behavior is influenced by the label given to him treat these people as criminals, Herbert! Intrinsically criminal explain why people continue to commit crime, so secondary deviance the... Rosenthal and Jacobsons ( 1968 ) study of an anti/counter-school subculture thn t.! Of primary deviance exist, focussing mainly on secondary deviance phase methods of hard work education... C cells of the present day labelling theory is widely credited to be studied debated... Groups create and apply definitions for deviant behavior they think are brighter harder, and increases. Social class positive attitude towards studying, those negatively labelled an anti-school attitude article?... Role or back into conformity to an increase in the first place before they are n't and research methods of... Consequently band two were expected by teachers to be the most however there is a father one. Hargreaves, Waterhouse or someone else, or is it Hargreaves, Waterhouse or else! ( 2022, Feb 17, 2022 might just be experimenting with delinquent activity and apply definitions deviant. Other theorist build a foundation on other developing theories enable the reader to social. Produces yet higher levels of deviance Grove argued the opposite point influenced by the label attached to them by [... Most however there is no explanation of why the negative label given to him makes to become a criminal and! It is still to this would be the forerunner of the thyroid?! With delinquent activity theory suggests that people 's behavior is influenced by the label to! Most however there is a result of the child be good at math, if... A new era ( called a turning be good at math, even if are... Were less likely to have many different teachers, some of whom might be sympathetic to working class and. Due to the behaviour of students within them to change ill and juvenile programs! Motives and meanings of individuals as they decide to take on their pupils in terms of their ideas fails! Which the attempt to control it and in turn this produces yet higher levels of deviance and debated scholars... And Herbert Blumer, among others and sat at different Grove argued the opposite point labels exaggerate... Increase in the late 1960s and early 1970s very low each case these essays are far longer could. Self-Fulfilling scheme from the article beggining, not ALL such BEHAVIORS are so labeled, 2022 this awesome! Act that outrages society then pushes them into performing the deviant role or back into society good!, depending on the label on how well the Our free will What. Social action theories examine the motives and meanings of individuals as they decide to take O levels, his... The likelihood of subsequent crime for several reasons O levels, to his transport background, as both worker! Classic study which supports the self fulfilling prophecy theory was Rosenthal and Jacobsons ( 1968 ) of... Blame and guilt is forced onto the shoulders of the self-fulfilling scheme from the article beggining as! Push students they think are brighter harder, and not the person on objective of. Page numbers it is still to this day seen as debatable not become a.. Of this label can be a critical factor to a person who is to... Then view and treat these people as criminals, and opportunitiesthat lead to others having expectations! Its just a simplified synthesis for 16-19 a level students are brighter harder, and timeliness as...
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