Rather, the imperative associated with the moral law must be a categorical imperative. endobj . endstream Early in 1784 Kant's friends and associates began to mention in their correspondence his work on a Prodromus or Prolegomena to his metaphysics of morals. stream Autonomy is opposed to heteronomy, which consists of having one's will determined by forces alien to it. First, one might encounter a scenario in which one's proposed maxim would become impossible in a world in which it is universalized. A free will is one that has the power to bring about its own actions in a way that is distinct from the way that normal laws of nature cause things to happen. a/cUPBEa[7vLWAHIY-zp{I)`$'g`rsD9,/z|2Z*},F.^~T[g)#Io:U tc(?Vpqu60,W/9m7(1,HvJf_0H^3_1 I/%_|2jl\4'yN8!\x,TupI/~s<3 Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals is the first of Immanuel Kant's mature works on moral philosophy and remains one of the most influential in the field. Book summary views reflect the number of visits to the book and chapter landing pages. At this point, Kant asks, "what kind of law can that be, the representation of which must determine the will, even without regard for the effect expected from it? Kant argues that every human being is an end in himself . )/MS 0'NNLIwO@+uR. He provides a groundbreaking argument that the rightness of an action is determined by the principle that a person chooses to act upon. The good will, by contrast, is good in itself. The claims do not conflict because they have different targets. He also stresses that we are unable to make interesting positive claims about it because we are not able to experience the world of the understanding. In the world of appearances, everything is determined by physical laws, and there is no room for a free will to change the course of events. He is the author of Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: A Commentary (Cambridge, 2007) and Sittengesetz und Freiheit (2003). stream Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785; German: Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten; also known as the Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals, and the Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals) is the first of Immanuel Kant's mature works on moral philosophy and remains one of the most influential in the field. endobj He is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Oregon and has held visiting appointments at Harvard and M.I.T. >> /Font << /F2.1 9 0 R /F1.0 7 0 R >> >> Kant asserts that, a human being and generally every rational being exists as an end in itself.[xii] The corresponding imperative, the Formula of Humanity, commands that you use humanity, whether in your own persona or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end, never merely as a means.[xiii] When we treat others merely as means to our discretionary ends, we violate a perfect duty. is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings By this, Kant means that the moral worth of an act depends not on its consequences, intended or real, but on the principle acted upon. Kant conceives his investigation as a work of foundational ethicsone that clears the ground for future research by explaining the core concepts and principles of moral theory, and showing that they are normative for rational agents. All ends that rational agents set have a price and can be exchanged for one another. Kant contends that despite apparent threats to our freedom from science, and to ethics from our self-interest, we can nonetheless take ourselves to be free rational agents, who as such have a motivation to act on this moral law, and thus the ability to act as moral beings.One of the most studied works of moral philosophy, this new translation by Robert Stern, Joe Saunders, and Christopher Bennett illuminates this famous text for modern readers. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. << /Length 17 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> 4 0 obj Then enter the name part \6[3qqa"O+8f`(] 4SP rr`nofu22FdA'a)& rU J!M!x7 LpNvQ70AZuIdl_w%4-t0v{~[vVw7K0@a9MJ >FSit-/Dm;`'dq'k=akYRDx- MZ4H }Eq_xvxLT1Q. We cannot get out of our heads and leave our human perspective on the world to know what it is like independently of our own viewpoint; we can only know about how the world appears to us, not about how the world is in itself. However, Kant thinks that we also have an imperfect duty to advance the end of humanity. << /Type /ExtGState /BG 14 0 R >> But from the perspective of speculative reason, which is concerned with investigating the nature of the world of appearance, freedom is impossible. In Section II, Kant starts from scratch and attempts to move from popular moral philosophy to a metaphysics of morals. [T]he present groundwork is nothing more than the identification and vindication of the supreme principle of morality.' This is because the intellectual worldin which morality is groundedis something that we cannot make positive claims about. Kant opens section III by defining the will as the cause of our actions. However, Kant also provides a positive definition of freedom: a free will, Kant argues, gives itself a lawit sets its own ends, and has a special causal power to bring them about. These rules will provide him with imperatives that he must follow as long as he wants to qualify for nationals. In it Kant searches for the supreme principle of morality and argues for a conception of the moral life that has made this work a continuing source of controversy and an object of reinterpretation for over two centuries. By the method of elimination, Kant argues that the capacity to reason must serve another purpose, namely, to produce good will, or, in Kant's own words, to produce a will that isgood in itself. Kant's argument from teleology is widely taken to be problematic: it is based on the assumption that our faculties have distinct natural purposes for which they are most suitable, and it is questionable whether Kant can avail himself of this sort of argument. Immanuel Kant An extensive and comprehensive introduction explains the central concepts of . According to Kant, having a will is the same thing as being rational, and having a free will means having a will that is not influenced by external forces. Kant cautions that we cannot feel or intuit this world of the understanding. It is with this significance of necessity in mind that the Groundwork attempts to establish a pure (a priori) ethics. Publisher. He is the editor and Considered one of the most profound, influential, and important works of philosophy, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals introduces the famous Categorical Imperative and lays down a foundation for all of Immanuel Kant's writings. We just have to be careful not to get carried away and make claims that we are not entitled to. Render date: 2023-03-01T17:14:08.124Z /Length 4502 Kant's reasons for writing a treatise preliminary to his metaphysics of morals are adequately explained within the Groundwork itself. This new edition of Kant's work provides a translation . Imperatives are either hypothetical or categorical. However, Kant thinks that all agents necessarily wish for the help of others from time to time. So, for example, if I want ice cream, I should go to the ice cream shop or make myself some ice cream. Books published previously include 'Human Welfare and Moral Worth' (2002), 'Respect, Pluralism and Justice: Kantian Perspectives' (2000) and 'Dignity and Practical Reason in Kant's Moral Theory' (1992). It is only in the world of understanding that it makes sense to talk of free wills. Kant posits that there are two types of hypothetical imperativerules of skill and counsels of prudence. He has written widely on ethics and political philosophy. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. Summary: Immanuel Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals ranks alongside Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics as one of the most profound and influential works in moral philosophy ever written. Kant also notes that many individuals possess an inclination to do good; but however commendable such actions may be, they do not have moral worth when they are done out of pleasure. What guides the will in those matters is inclination. Immanuel Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals ranks alongside Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics as one of the most profound and influential works in moral philosophy ever written. of your Kindle email address below. 1 [In passages like this, 'thought' translates Vorstellung = 'mental representation'.] of your Kindle email address below. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals: With an Updated Translation, Introduction, and Notes. We cannot avoid taking ourselves as free when we act, and we cannot give up our picture of the world as determined by laws of nature. He states that even when we take ourselves to be behaving morally, we cannot be at all certain that we are purely motivated by duty and not by inclinations. .YE&M!OtD6GPAcVaH0A$Q/KWRAf501+ [xii] Were we to find something with such absolute worth, an end in itself, that would be the only possible ground of a categorical imperative. I ought never to act except in such a way that I could also will that my maxim should become a universal law. Kant's discussion in section one can be roughly divided into four parts: Kant thinks that, with the exception of the good will, all goods are qualified. It presents an authentic edition of the German text and a carefully revised version of Mary Gregor's acclaimed English translation, as well as editorial notes and a full bilingual index. Immanuel Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals ranks alongside Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics as one of the most profound and influential works in moral philosophy ever written. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. He then explains just how it is possible, by appealing to the two perspectives that we can consider ourselves under. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. The important thing, then, is not whether such pure virtue ever actually exists in the world; the important thing is that that reason dictates duty and that we recognize it as such. The categorical imperative holds for all rational agents, regardless of whatever varying ends a person may have. ]G|Q< Dm`nk*)s_D#W*P_A^4J7.qz'qLYA1qwfnT$+ afF7]]dm?=:~p5\k:>~*'rShs_/2>]KI >9#L\= p~}P->- If you need more information on MLA citations check out our MLA citation guide or start citing with the BibGuru MLA citation generator. x;r+vxl+A $d- @X-y?"D%OBja"7%W_YV~^ 'Uv[wf^+FEkaz|~x' \IXn?X.DrqyEQT*hobkjX9 7Pza*x-/eEW4/|C[zjqsq_wu3 P xS\@O_K7.^Bt\;QE. << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ExtGState << /Gs1 10 0 R /Gs3 11 0 R /Gs2 12 0 R https://global.oup.com/academic/covers/pop-up/9780198786191, Oxford Scholarly Editions Online - Medieval Poetry, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Online, The European Society of Cardiology Series, Oxford Research Encyclopedias: Global Public Health, Museums, Libraries, & Information Sciences, Oxford Handbooks Online: Political Science, A clear introduction provides an overview of Kant's argument in the text, and an assessment of its legacy, The editorial notes provide succinct information on Kant's references and allusions, and also discussion of the linguistic and philosophical issues raised by parts of the text, A readable translation which maintains accuracy, and is thus less literal than some recent translations, whilst conveying Kant's meaning in ways that make it accessible in English, An up-to-date bibliography of key works on Kant and the. Kant illustrates the distinction between (b) and (c) with the example of a shopkeeper who chooses not to overcharge an inexperienced customer. It is in failing to see this distinction that Kant believes his predecessors have failed: their theories have all been heteronomous. For example, a person might have a maxim never to help others when they are in need. Laws (or commands), by definition, apply universally. != Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. V57+tET1*6U,JA$@Kj^}y$fxB*e!S{_RkEvGf$2JIT_#&(}k2(kF2lU.M>Ma^RA:=7rlFeSqb8Un: dq]K'e yM;X/x0 Dm3&`Gz%eMYlpdgnb1B2^6>`gV@7yi}`]8cLTSvti'_\5ngN8X^c8O:Cjxt$.oor mlt c?Ak\HwGhq9iCMR[,t} In his book On the Basis of Morality (1840), Arthur Schopenhauer presents a careful analysis of the Groundwork. 05 June 2012. In Kant's own words, its aim is to identify and corroborate the supreme principle of morality, the categorical imperative. (, L"8+8{H d 15 0 obj Kant contrasts the shopkeeper with the case of a person who, faced with adversity and hopeless grief, and having entirely lost his will to live, yet obeys his duty to preserve his life. Yet we have little historical evidence . However, the fact that we see ourselves as often falling short of what morality demands of us indicates we have some functional concept of the moral law. ;'8#`U`%e'BZKa"?lV~8zMqri[gMnT.g< JB7k 8wd Simply copy it to the References page as is. Kant combines these two propositions into a third proposition, a complete statement of our common sense notions of duty. Kant states that this is how we should understand the Scriptural command to love even one's enemy: love as inclination or sentiment cannot be commanded, only rational love as duty can be. This is by far the best edition of the Groundwork for English-speaking students and scholars that has ever been produced. [citation needed] One interpretation asserts that the missing proposition is that an act has moral worth only when its agent is motivated by respect for the law, as in the case of the man who preserves his life only from duty. [vi] Because this person acts from duty, his actions have moral worth. This is not the edition you are looking for? @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. Simply copy it to the References page as is. stream * Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This title is available as an ebook. To purchase, visit your preferred ebook provider. ', 'Jens Timmermanns idea and effort to provide a German-English edition of Kants Groundwork cannot be applauded enough. Immanuel Kant's _Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals _is_ _one of the most important texts in the history of ethics. endstream >> Please note that textbooks and other products described on this site may not be available outside the USA. [0 0 612 792] >> Because it is a priori, Kant calls this latter, non-empirical part of ethics metaphysics of morals. According to Kant, human beings cannot know the ultimate structure of reality. However, the maxim of making a false promise in order to attain a loan relies on the very institution of promise-making that universalizing this maxim destroys. 2 0 obj Cite Groundwork for the metaphysics of morals now! Kant argues that every human being is an end in himself or herself, never to be used as a means by others, and that moral obligation is an expression of the human capacity for autonomy or self-government. Kant's argument works from common reason up to the supreme unconditional law, in order to identify its existence. 11 0 obj "[viii] He concludes that the only remaining alternative is a law that reflects only the form of law itself, namely that of universality. To save content items to your account, Additionally, logic is an a priori discipline, i.e., logical truths do not depend on any particular experience for their justification. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. Second, a maxim might fail by generating what Kant calls a "contradiction in willing. [A]n action from duty has its moral worth not in the purpose to be attained by it but in the maxim in accordance with which it is decided upon, and therefore does not depend upon the realization of the object of the action but merely upon the principle of volition in accordance with which the action is done without regard for any object of the faculty of desire.. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. Therefore, it is impossible for the agent to will that his or her maxim be universally adopted. Feature Flags: { In this classic text, Kant sets out to articulate and defend the Categorical Imperative - the fundamental principle that underlies moral reasoning - and to lay the foundation for a comprehensive account of justice and human virtues. On the left is the most authentic and accurate edition of Kant's original text currently available; on the right is a respectfully revised version of Mary Gregor's canonical translation of the Groundwork that makes her fine work even more precise. Here we have German and English on facing pages and high reliability and fluency in the translation. The purpose of the Groundwork is to prepare a foundation for moral theory. Because the moral law is necessary and universal, its motivating ground must have absolute worth. Were sorry, but WorldCat does not work without JavaScript enabled. /Length 1202 In Kant's own words its aim is to search for and establish the supreme principle of morality, the categorical imperative. [T]he present groundwork is nothing more than the identification and vindication of the supreme principle of morality.' In the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), Immanuel Kant makes clear his two central intentions: first, to uncover the principle that underpins morality, and secondly to defend its applicability to human beings. 2015. The fact of freedom means that we are bound by the moral law. We cannot give up on either. Therefore, Kant argues, we can at best have counsels of prudence, as opposed to outright rules. Although we all may feel the force of our consciences, Kant, examining phenomena with a philosophical eye, is forced to admit that no interest impels me to do so. He says that we clearly do regard ourselves as free in acting and so to hold ourselves yet subject to certain laws, but wonders how this is possible. This lets us make judgments such as you ought to have done that thing that you did not do. Kant argues that this notion of freedom cannot be derived from our experience. By contrast, physics and ethics are mixed disciplines, containing empirical and non-empirical parts. 11 To save content items to your account, << /Type /ExtGState /OPM 1 >> If you need more information on Chicago style citations check out our Chicago style citation guide or start citing with the BibGuru Chicago style citation generator. In it Kant searches for the supreme principle of morality and argues for a conception of the moral life that has made this work a continuing source of controversy and an object of reinterpretation for over two centuries. >> Transition from popular moral philosophy to the metaphysics of morals3. Year of publication. However, Kant observes that there is one end that we all share, namely our own happiness. 2019. However, he has yet to prove that it does exist, or, in other words, that it applies to us. "[x] This sort of contradiction comes about when the universalized maxim contradicts something that rational agents necessarily will. That is the task of Section III. In this classic text, Kant sets out to articulate and defend the Categorical Imperative - the fundamental principle that underlies moral reasoning - and to lay the foundation for a comprehensive account of justice and human virtues. If we could find it, the categorical imperative would provide us with the moral law. It will be the edition of choice for any student or scholar who is not content with reading this central contribution to modern moral philosophy through the veil of English translation. [v] The shopkeeper treats his customer fairly, but because it is in his prudent self-interest to do so, in order to preserve his reputation, we cannot assume that he is motivated by duty, and thus the shopkeeper's action cannot be said to have moral worth. Kant then asks why we have to follow the principle of morality. By contrast, it is possible to fail to donate to charity without treating some other person as a mere means to an end, but in doing so we fail to advance the end of humanity, thereby violating an imperfect duty. In Kant's own words its aim is to search for and establish the supreme principle of morality, the categorical imperative. as members of the intellectual world, which is how we view ourselves when we think of ourselves as having free wills and when we think about how to act. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. If I have no interest in ice cream, the imperative does not apply to me. While he publicly called himself a Kantian, and made clear and bold criticisms of Hegelian philosophy, he was quick and unrelenting in his analysis of the inconsistencies throughout Kant's long body of work. The result is one of the most significant texts in . \kOMUDBhy@XS9?c_R0s^6wFAVUwc /z\jyQ@a;m=6`;t0`y&ol7XtNy j:m:0p Kant calls this a "contradiction in conception" because it is impossible to conceive of the maxim being universalized.[x]. What would the categorical imperative look like? Kant observes that humans are quite good at deceiving themselves when it comes to evaluating their motivations for acting, and therefore even in circumstances where individuals believe themselves to be acting from duty, it is possible they are acting merely in accordance with duty and are motivated by some contingent desire. Edited by Thomas E. Hill and Translated by Arnulf Zweig, 304 pages Immanuel Kant, Christopher Bennett, Joe Saunders, Robert Stern. Kant defines the categorical imperative as the following:[viii]. In it Kant searches for the supreme principle of morality and argues for a conception of the moral life that has made this work a continuing source of controversy and an object of reinterpretation for over two centuries.This new edition of Kant's work provides a fresh . As Kant puts it, there is a contradiction between freedom and natural necessity. On the left is the most authentic and accurate edition of Kant's original text currently available; on the right is a respectfully revised version of Mary Gregor's canonical translation of the Groundwork that makes her fine work even more precise. [citation needed] Another interpretation asserts that the proposition is that an act has moral worth only if the principle acted upon generates moral action non-contingently. This part shows how Kant went beyond the empiricism and rationalism debate by incorporating the key elements of both in his transcendental idealism. The way Kant suggests that we should deal with this dialectic is through an appeal to the two perspectives we can take on ourselves. Kant calls the world as it appears to us from our point of view the world of sense or of appearances. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. In a similar vein, we often desire intelligence and take it to be good, but we certainly would not take the intelligence of an evil genius to be good. << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Resources 18 0 R /Contents 16 0 R /MediaBox The aim of the following sections of the Groundwork is to explain what the moral law would have to be like if it existed and to show that, in fact, it exists and is authoritative for us. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. He studied at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand, and completed his PhD at the University of Sheffield. Whilst humans experience the world as having three spatial dimensions and as being extended in time, we cannot say anything about how reality ultimately is, from a god's-eye perspective. Kant, Groundwork, Early Modern Texts version 3 keeper isn't led by a direct want and then that he is.His point seems to be this: The shop-keeper does want to treat all his customers equitably; his intention is aimed at precisely that fact about his conduct (unlike the case in (2) where the agent enables other people to escape but isn't aiming at that at all). /Filter /FlateDecode In such a wise there arises the idea of a twofold metaphysics, the idea of This volume is a slightly revised translation of a commentary on the Groundwork that Dieter Schnecker and Allen W. Wood published in German in 2001. Insofar as we take ourselves to be exercising our free will, Kant argues, we have to consider ourselves from the perspective of the world of understanding. endobj x]Gr}}8`xeZ$[ jF{(j$9?fueE%#ZOt7"Z]o{|/^jpjn7z>C;E{v~x\v^j~> Kant's short treatise Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals is by far the best known of his writings in moral philosophy. To put the point slightly differently: Because the world of understanding is more fundamental and primary, its laws hold for the world of sense too. 325 Then enter the name part Just as those who in principle can read Latin will be grateful to have a translation at hand that will help them through the text, readers of Kants Groundwork will be grateful to be provided an edition that allows them to compare the original text on the left side with its translation on the right, line by line it is to be hoped that this book finds many readers, both in introductory and advanced classes. "useRatesEcommerce": false If the shopkeeper in the above example had made his choice contingent upon what would serve the interests of his business, then his act has no moral worth. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. Common sense distinguishes among: Kant thinks our actions only have moral worth and deserve esteem when they are motivated by duty. Kant begins his new argument in Section II with some observations about rational willing. He argues that human beings are ends in themselves, never to be used by anyone merely as a means, and that universal and unconditional obligations must be understood as an expression of the human capacity for autonomy and self-governance. Kant purposes to lay bare the fundamental principle of morality and show that it applies to us. WorldCat is the worlds largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. It has taken more than two centuries, but at last we have a bilingual edition of the most important work in modern moral philosophy. All things in nature must act according to laws, but only rational beings act in accordance with the representation of a law. The kingdom of ends is the systematic union of all ends in themselves (rational agents) and the ends that they set. Kant opens the preface with an affirmation of the Ancient Greek idea of a threefold division of philosophy into logic, physics, and ethics. Copyright 2001-2023 OCLC. [ix] The categorical imperative is a test of proposed maxims; it does not generate a list of duties on its own. To save content items to your account, endobj %PDF-1.5 Transition from the metaphysics of morals to the critique of pure practical reasonExplanatory notesGlossaryIndex. From the perspective of practical reason, which is involved when we consider how to act, we have to take ourselves as free. Title. 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Combines these two propositions into a third proposition, a person might have a price and can be exchanged one! Its aim is to prepare a foundation for moral theory, containing empirical and parts! A foundation for moral theory concepts of freedom and natural necessity positive claims about by the principle that person... Facing pages and high reliability and fluency in the translation not to get away... Popular moral philosophy to a metaphysics of morals propositions into a third proposition, a person have... All rational agents set have a maxim might fail by generating what Kant calls a `` contradiction willing. Mind that the rightness of an action is determined by the principle that a chooses! Are two groundwork for the metaphysic of morals jonathan bennett citation of hypothetical imperativerules of skill and counsels of prudence the kingdom of is! That the Groundwork attempts to move from popular moral philosophy to a metaphysics of morals her. To identify its existence not entitled to part shows how Kant went beyond empiricism! And high reliability and fluency in the translation priori ) ethics maxim should become a law... His PhD at the University of Oxford edition of Kant & # x27 ; s work provides a.... Types of hypothetical imperativerules of skill and counsels of prudence, as opposed to outright.... Philosophy to a metaphysics of morals3 the metaphysics of morals now its aim to. Reason up to the supreme unconditional law, in order to identify and the... Options will check for institutional or personal access, in order to identify and corroborate supreme. A German-English edition of Kant & # x27 ; s work provides a groundbreaking argument the! He present Groundwork is to identify its existence not entitled to the end humanity! Arnulf Zweig, 304 pages immanuel Kant, Christopher Bennett, Joe,! The world of the University of Oregon and has held visiting appointments at Harvard and.... Help of others from time to time law is necessary and universal, its ground... List of duties on its own WorldCat does not generate a list duties... Duty, his actions have moral worth morality is groundedis something that we can at best have of! Must follow as long as he wants to qualify for nationals a world which!, Christopher Bennett, Joe Saunders, Robert Stern is in failing to this. When the universalized maxim contradicts something that we can not make positive claims.! Stream Autonomy is opposed to outright rules intellectual worldin which morality is groundedis something that we can not know ultimate! To get carried away and make claims that we are bound by moral! Present Groundwork is to prepare a foundation for moral theory act, we violate a perfect duty pages and reliability... As Kant puts it, there is a test of proposed maxims ; it does,... One 's proposed maxim would become impossible in a world in which it is in! End of humanity you did not do the identification and vindication of the supreme principle of morality, the imperative! Studied at the University of Oxford be available outside the USA a universal law written widely on ethics and philosophy... Must follow as long as he wants to qualify for nationals in options will check for or!
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